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Organizational Behaviors

Unit-1

Introduction

Organization: Organizations are defined as collectivities….that have been established for the pursuit of relatively specific objectives on more or less continuous basis.

A social unit of people systematically structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals on a continuing basis.

Function of management

Manager is that individual who achieves goals through other people. The basic functions are as follows:

1)      Planning: A process that includes defining goals, establishing strategy and developing plans to coordinate activities.

2)      Organizing: Determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where the decisions are to be made.

3)      Leading: A function that includes motivating employees, directing others, selecting the most effective communication channels and resolving conflicts.

4)      Controlling: Monitoring activities to ensure they are being accomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviations.

Role of Managers

1)      Interpersonal Roles

                                i.            Figurehead: Symbolic head; required to perform a number of routine duties of a legal or social nature.

                              ii.            Leader: Responsible for motivation & direction of employees.

                            iii.            Laison: Maintains a network of outside contacts who provide favors and information.

2)      Informational Roles

                                i.            Monitor: Receives wide variety of information; serve as nerve centre of internal & external information of the organization.

                              ii.            Disseminator: Transits information received for outsiders to members of the organization.

                            iii.            Spokesperson: Transmits information to outsiders on organization’s plans, policies, actions and results, serve as expert on organization’s industry.

3)      Decisional Roles

                                i.            Entrepreneur: Searches organization and its environment for opportunities and initiatives projects to bring about change.

                              ii.            Disturbance Handler: Responsible for corrective action when organization faces important, unexpected disturbances.

                            iii.            Resource allocator: Makes or approves significant organizational decisions.

                             iv.            Negotiator: Responsible for representing the organization at major negotiations.

Skills of Managers

1)      Technical Skills:  Specialized knowledge (machines, equipment, processes)

2)      Human skills:  Communication, motivation, understands others, delegations.

3)      Conceptual Skills: Analyze and diagnose complex situation.

Organizational Behavior

Organizational Behavior is the study of individuals and their behavior within the context of the organization in a workplace setting. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication and management.

Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. It interprets people-organization relationships in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organization, and whole social system. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving human objectives, organizational objectives, and social objectives.

Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within an organization, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organization’s effectiveness.

Organizational Behavior is concerned with the study of behavior and attitudes of man in an organizational settings; the organization’s effect on his perceptions, feeling and actions; and particularly on his behavior for the achievement of the organization’s purposes.

OB seeks to emphasize the understanding of behavior in organizations so as to develop competencies in foreseeing how people are likely to behave. This knowledge may then help in controlling those behaviors that are not befitting the objectives of the organizations.

Features/Nature of Organizational Behaviour

1. A separate field of study - Organizational Behaviour is a separate field of study. Many researches and analysis have been done in this field. But it is not still accepted as a science. There is no foundation of basic concepts that may guide its development as a science. Therefore, it will be appropriate to call it a field of study rather than discipline.

2. It is an applied science - The aim of OB it to solve problems of organizations related with human behaviour aspect. Therefore, applied researches are concentrated, in place of fundamental researches. Though many of the researches may be carried in laboratory, but the behaviour of an individual can not be analysed so. Therefore, Organizational Behaviour is both science as well as art.

3. Goal Oriented/Oriented towards organizational objectives - Since OB is applied science it is oriented towards organizational goals. Sometimes there may be conflict of organizational goals with individual goals. In that case, both the objectives are achieved simultaneously.

4. Interdisciplinary Approach - Organizational Behaviour is interdisciplinary in nature. It is based on behavioural and social sciences that contributes to the subject. It applies from these disciplines ideas that will improve the relationships between people and organization.

5. Focus Attention On people - OB focus the attention on people. It is based on the concept that need and motivation of the people should be given priority. if the people are given proper environment and working condition, they are creative, independent and capable of achieving organizational objectives.

6. Normative Science - OB is a normative science. It just not only defines the cause and effect relationship but also suggests how the results of various researches can be applied to get organizational results. What acceptable by society is not defines positive science, but it is done by normative science.

7.Levels of Analysis

8. Satisfaction of individual & organizational needs

9. A Total system Approach

Levels of Analysis

OB focuses on three levels of analysis:

Individual level

In individual level organizational behavior involves the study of learning, perception, creativity, motivation, personality, turnover, task performance, cooperative behavior, deviant behavior, ethics, and cognition. At this level of analysis, organizational behavior draws heavily upon psychology. Study of behaviour of an individual working in the organization is also known as Micro Organizational Behavior.

Group level

At the group level of analysis, organizational behavior involves the study of group dynamics, intra- and inter group conflict and cohesion, leadership, power, norms, interpersonal communication, networks, and roles. At this level of analysis, organizational behavior draws upon the sociological and socio-psychological sciences. Understanding of group dynamic is essential to reduce conflicts and improve morale and productivity. This is also known as Meso Organizational Behavior.

Organizational level

At the organization level of analysis, organizational behavior involves the study of topics such as organizational culture, organizational structure, cultural diversity, inter-organizational cooperation and conflict, change, technology, and external environmental forces. At this level of analysis, organizational behavior draws upon anthropology and political science. This is also known as Macro Organizational Behavior.

Disciplines Contributing to OB

Disciplines Contributing to OB

1)      Psychology:

Psychology is defined as the study of human behavior which tries to identify the characteristics of individuals and provides an understanding why an individual behaves in a particular way. Thus psychology provides us with useful insight into areas such as human motivation, perceptual processes or personality characteristics.

2)      Sociology:

Sociology is the study of social behavior, relationships among social groups and societies, and the maintenance of social order. The main focus of attention is on the social system. This helps us to appreciate the functioning of individuals within the organization which is essentially a socio-technical entity.

3)      Social Psychology:

Social psychology is the study of human behavior in the context of social situations. This essentially addresses the problem of understanding the typical behavioral patterns to be expected from an individual when he takes part in a group.

4)      Anthropology:

Anthropology is the science of mankind and the study of human behavior as a whole. The main focus of attention is on the cultural system, beliefs, customs, ideas and values within a group or society and the comparison of behavior amongst different cultures in the context of today’s organizational scenario. It is very important to appreciate the differences that exist among people coming from different cultural backgrounds as people are often found to work with others from the other side of the globe.

5)      Economics:

Any organization to survive and sustain must be aware of the economic viability of their effort. This applies even to the non-profit and voluntary organizations as well.

6)      Political Science:

Although frequently overlooked, the contributions of political scientists are significant to understand arrangement in organizations. It studies individuals and groups within specific conditions concerning the power dynamics. Important topics under here include structuring of Conflict, allocation of power and how people manipulate power for individual self-interest etc.

Need to understand Human Behaviour

Its the behaviour of an individual that depicts the personality and attitude of that individual in any place, it may be organization, social network or family... But talking about importance of Human behavior in an organization, it is very important to maintain a good and healthy behaviour in an organization as its the ones behaviour that depicts the relation of an employee with his coworkers, subordinates, seniors or Bosses. Behaviour of an individual shows the dedication of the employee towards his work, organization. a good and healthy behaviour can prove fruitful in terms of promotions, job recognition, Increments or appraisals. but at the same time bad behaviour can be opposite.

For shaping human behavior in definite direction for achieving certain predetermined objectives, manager must know how the people in the organization behave.

OB provides wayfor understanding human behavior in all the directions in which human being interact. Thus, behavior can be understood at

·         Individual Level

·         Interpersonal Level

·         Group Level

·         Intergroup Level

Models of OB

There are four major models or frameworks that organizations operate out of:

 Autocratic - The basis of this model is power with a managerial orientation of authority. The employees in turn are oriented towards obedience and dependence on the boss. The employee need that is met is subsistence. The performance result is minimal. There is only one way communication.

Custodial - The basis of this model is economic resources with a managerial orientation of money. The employees in turn are oriented towards security and benefits and dependence on the organization. The employee need that is met is security. The performance result is passive cooperation.

Supportive - The basis of this model is leadership with a managerial orientation of support. The employees in turn are oriented towards job performance and participation. The employee need that is met is status and recognition. The performance result is awakened drives. There is a participation and involvement in decision making. In this model, communication is two way.

Collegial - The basis of this model is partnership with a managerial orientation of teamwork. The employees in turn are oriented towards responsible behavior and self-discipline. The employee need that is met is self-actualization. The performance result is moderate enthusiasm. Employees are self motivated.

Challenges and opportunities for OB

1. Responding to Globalisation

a.         Increased foreign assignments: Transferred to your employer’s operating division in another country, Oncethere, you’ll have to manage workforce, aspiration from employees, andattitudes from those you are used to back home

b.         Working with People from different cultures: Working with bosses, peers and other employees who were born and raisedin different culture, to work effectively with them you’ve to understand howtheir culture, geographic and religion have shaped them

c.          Coping with anticapitalism backlash: “soak the rich” means fine should be charged with respect of income you earn. Managers at global companies have come to realize that economic values are not universally transferable, need to modify by managers to reflect economic values in those countries they’re working.

d.         Overseeing movement of jobs to countries with low- cost labour: In a global economy, jobs tend to flow to places where lower cost providebusiness firms with a comparative advantages

e.         Managing people During the war on terror: An understanding of OB topics such as emotions, motivation, communicationand leadership can help managers to deal more effectively with theiremployees’ fear about terrorism

2. Managing workforce Diversity

a.      Embracing diversity: The challenge for organization is to make themselves more accomodating to diverse groups of people by addressing their different lifestyle, family needs, and work styles.

b.      Changing demographics

3. Improving quality and productivity: By using self-directed work teams, streamlining processes and implementing continous improvement program must be a model of manufacturing efficiency.

4. Improving customer service: OB can contribute to improving an organization’ performance by showing that how employees’ attitude and behavior are associated with customer satisfaction

5. Stimulating innovation and changes:

·         Must foster innovation and master the art of change.

·         Maintain the flexibility and improve quality.

·         To stimulate  employees creativity and tolerance to change.

6. Working in networked organisations: Computerization, the internet, and the ability to link computers within organizations and between organizations have created a different workforce for many employees-a networked organization. Global working through one link i.e. INTERNET, technology changes the people towork together and communicate at thousand miles, people can work from their homeand non office locations.

7. Creating a positive work environment: Human strength, vitality, right person appointed at right place, effort on what good for organization.

8. Improving ethical behaviour:

·         Writing and distributing codes of ethics to gude employees.

·         Offering seminars, workshops and training programs on improving OB.

·         Provide in house advisors in dealing with ethical issues.

9. Empowerment of Employees:

·         Decision making is being pushed down to the operating level.

·         Managers give up control, employees control their work themselves, make appropriate decisions.

·         Using of self managed team.

10. Work Life Balance: Flexible Working hours, reporting time, creating opportunities for employees, job security, design workplace and jobs.